The powerful Public Accounts Committee will be headed by Labour former minister Meg Hillier, Speaker John Bercow has announced alongside the results of all the Commons select committee chair elections.
In other high profile appointments, Julian Lewis won the chairmanship of the Defence Select Committee, which is now likely to pressure the Government over meeting Nato's 2% defence spending target.
Fellow Tory Crispin Blunt will head up the Foreign Affairs Committee while Jesse Norman beat outspoken critic of Fifa Damian Collins to chair the Culture, Media and Sport Committee.
Meanwhile, Labour former welfare minister Frank Field, seen as a committed reformer, will head up the Work and Pensions Committee.
The influential Backbench Business Committee, which allocates time for MPs to debate their chosen subjects on the floor of the Commons, will be chaired by Labour's Ian Mearns.
Resuming their posts are high profile Home Affairs Committee chair Keith Vaz and widely respected Health Committee chair Sarah Wollaston.
Ms Hillier will take over the Public Accounts Committee from Margaret Hodge, who became known for skewering multinational corporations over their tax affairs.
The Hackney South and Shoreditch MP said: "I have been a member of the committee for five years and I am delighted to have the opportunity to continue to challenge government and also public service providers and to press for more efficient and effective services for users."