How Feeling Powerless Actually Has A Physical Impact

How Feeling Powerless Actually Has A Physical Impact
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Having the weight of the world on your shoulders is more than a figure of speech - it can describe a physical reality for some, according to psychologists.

New research shows that the more socially powerless a person feels, the heavier objects seem to be.

Scientists tested the theory by asking volunteers to lift boxes of varying weights and guess how heavy they were.

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Those who felt they lacked control in their lives consistently perceived the boxes to be much heavier than did individuals with a keen sense of personal power.

"Although many psychological studies have been conducted on power, not much was known about how power influences actual perceptual experiences in everyday life," said lead scientist Eun Hee Lee, from Cambridge University.

"This research demonstrates that people's social role, as indicated by a sense of social power, or a lack thereof, can change the way they see the physical environment."

The over-estimation of weight may be a relic of our evolutionary past to help us cope with depleted resources, the team believes.

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Personality Traits That Could Lead To A Longer Life
Conscientious(01 of06)
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In their 2012 book "The Longevity Project," which looked at research over the course of 80 years, authors Howard S. Friedman and Leslie R. Martin identified an association between being conscientious and a longer life span."Conscientiousness, which was the best predictor of longevity when measured in childhood, also turned out to be the best personality predictor of long life when measured in adulthood," the authors wrote in their book. "The young adults who were thrifty, persistent, detail oriented, and responsible lived the longest."Why do more prudent people tend to live longer? According to the authors, this group is more likely to take care of their health and avoid risks, and they also develop healthier relationships, whether it be romantic, friendly or work-related. "That's right, conscientious people create healthy, long-life pathways for themselves," Friedman and Martin wrote.And finally, the researchers point out that some people seem to have a biological predisposition toward a more careful personality. "While we are not yet sure of the precise physiological reasons," they write, "it appears that conscientious and un- conscientious people have different levels of certain chemicals in their brains, including serotonin."For more on the phenomenon, and other insights into longevity, check out "The Longevity Project" here. (credit:Alamy)
Easy To Laugh(02 of06)
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In a study published this past May in the journal Aging, researchers from Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Yeshiva University pinpointed several personality traits linked to a longer lifespan. Among the list? Frequent laughter, HuffPost reported when the findings were released.This probably relates to the fact that laughing reduces stress and helps to fight illness. Laughing can even help ease pain, leading to a happier life. (credit:Alamy)
Socially Connected(03 of06)
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Thank your family and friends for this one: a 2010 study published in the journal PloS Medicine found that strong social relationships can boost survival odds by 50 percent. The Brigham Young University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill researchers evaluated 148 studies. "We take relationships for granted as humans -- we're like fish that don't notice the water," BYU's Timothy Smith said in a statement about the findings. "That constant interaction is not only beneficial psychologically but directly to our physical health." (credit:Alamy)
Optimistic(04 of06)
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The same 2012 Aging study that identified frequent laughter as a boost to longevity also found that optimism might tack on years to your life. Out of the 243 centenarians evaluated in the research, most were optimistic and easygoing, study researcher Dr. Nir Barzilai, M.D., director of Einstein's Institute for Aging Research, said in a statement. "When I started working with centenarians, I thought we'd find that they survived so long in part because they were mean and ornery," Dr. Barzilai stated. "But when we assessed the personalities of these 243 centenarians, we found qualities that clearly reflect a positive attitude towards life." (credit:Alamy)
Happy(05 of06)
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Don't worry, be happy, live longer? A study published last year in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that older people who report being happy have a 35 percent decreased risk of dying over five years, HuffPost reported when the findings were released. The researchers evaluated more than 3,000 people by monitoring their happiness throughout the day -- they then followed up five years later to see how many had died."We had expected that we might see a link between how happy people felt over the day and their future mortality, but were struck by how strong the effect was," said study author Andrew Steptoe, a professor at University College, London, according to CNN. (credit:Alamy)
Extroverted(06 of06)
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A 2009 study published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at the offspring of centenarians (other research has found exceptional longevity tends to run in families) -- the volunteers were typically in the high range for extroversion and agreeableness (but in the low range for neuroticism)."It's likely that the low neuroticism and higher extroversion will confer health benefits for these subjects," study author Thomas Perls, M.D., MPH, director of the New England Centenarian Study, said in a statement when the findings were released. "For example, people who are lower in neuroticism are able to manage or regulate stressful situations more effectively than those with higher neuroticism levels. Similarly, high extroversion levels have been associated with establishing friendships and looking after yourself." (credit:Alamy)

In a position of powerlessness caused by famine or lack of shelter-building material, it would be advantageous to have an overly cautious approach to the world, say the researchers.

Experiencing physical attributes such as weight in an exaggerated fashion may be a symptom of this instinctive desire to conserve resources.

The findings appear in the latest edition of the Journal of Experimental Psychology.

Three separate studies were conducted, all disguised by cover stories so that participants were unaware of what was being tested.

In the first, 145 volunteers were asked to rank how strongly a series of statements applied to them, such as "I can get people to listen to what I say".

The responses provided a measure of how they viewed their own power in social relationships.

Next they were asked to guess the weight of a number of boxes before taking a final test to gauge their mood.

The findings showed that as feelings of social power fell, the guessed weights of the boxes increased.

In a further experiment 68 participants were asked to recall an experience in which they had felt either powerful or powerless, then repeatedly estimate the weights of various boxes.

They were told the study was looking at the effect of exercise on autobiographical memory.

Volunteers who focused on "powerful" incidents were more accurate at guessing the weights. In contrast, those recalling "powerless" situations continually overestimated the heaviness of the boxes.

Another test allowed the researchers to manipulate sense of power by asking 41 participants to sit in either an expansive, domineering, arms-spread position, or a more constricted one with hands tucked under thighs and shoulders dropped.

Again, feeling powerful was associated with greater accuracy. Volunteers taking up the "powerful" pose guessed the weight of the boxes correctly while those in the "submissive" pose imagined heavier weights.

Lee added: "Power plays a role when it is present in a given moment, but also when it comes to people's personality.

"We find that personality, which determines how people interact with the social world, also shapes how people interact with the physical world."