Last winter, the flu jab proved effective in just one in three cases. With this in mind, is it actually worth forking out for the vaccine this year?
A study from Public Health England revealed that just one third of adults benefitted from the jab last year. This, they believe, is because of the unpredictable nature of the virus.
The flu vaccine has to be re-formulated each year based on a calculated guess from scientists. They hope to match the jab with strains of the virus that are likely to be around that season.
Professor Paul Cosford, PHE's director for health protection and medical director, said that in previous years the vaccine has seen "around 50% (ranging from 25 to 70%) effectiveness" in the UK.
"There has generally been a good match between the strains of flu in the vaccine and those that subsequently circulate," he added. "However, last year we saw a slightly lower vaccine effectiveness than usual."
Flu is a common infectious viral illness spread by coughs and sneezes. It is caused by a different set of viruses to the common cold and the symptoms tend to start more suddenly, be more severe and last longer.
Typically, those with flu will experience a high temperature, tiredness and weakness, a headache, general aches and pains, and a dry, chesty cough.
According to the NHS, "if you're otherwise fit and healthy, there's usually no need to see a doctor if you have flu-like symptoms". Instead, doctors advise resting at home, keeping warm and drinking plenty of water to avoid dehydration.
"Stay off work or school until you're feeling better. For most people, this will take about a week," reads the site.
Some people are at greater risk of developing serious complications from flu, such as bronchitis and pneumonia. These include older people, pregnant women and those with a health condition, even one that is well managed.
The flu vaccine is available free on the NHS to those considered "at risk". In pharmacies and supermarkets it can cost anywhere between £7-£20.
With health experts witnessing lower effectiveness from last year's flu jab, it's worth considering other options that could help keep the dreaded lurgy at bay this winter.
Dr Helen Webberley, the dedicated GP for Oxford Online Pharmacy, explains that the flu jab has been "well evaluated" and, in the past, has been shown to be "very
effective" against the strains of flu that it is active against.
However there are other options out there to consider.
"For those who are not eligible for the flu vaccine, an anti-viral medication such as Tamiflu can provide some relief," she says.
"Tamiflu contains the active ingredient oseltamivir, which belongs to a group of medicines named 'neuraminidase inhibitors' and work by preventing the flu virus from spreading inside the body, in turn easing or preventing the symptoms from occurring."
Help For Flu Symptoms
Neti Pot(01 of33)
Open Image ModalHow it helps: The saline solution used inside can help clean out the mucous attached to the cilia in your nose. Mmmmm. (credit:nullplus via Getty Images)
Chicken Soup(02 of33)
Open Image ModalRehydration Salts(03 of33)
Open Image ModalHow they help: If someone is severely dehydrated — for example, if they've been vomiting or have diarrhea — these salts (readily available at drugstores in various forms) can help. (credit:Andy Crawford via Getty Images)
Vitamin C(04 of33)
Open Image ModalZinc(05 of33)
Open Image ModalEchinacea(06 of33)
Open Image ModalGarlic(07 of33)
Open Image ModalGinger(08 of33)
Open Image ModalCayenne Peppers(09 of33)
Open Image ModalHow it helps: By being burning hot! Literally, the spiciness helps you breathe more freely by thinning out the mucous in your nasal passages. (credit:Lisovskaya via Getty Images)
Hand Sanitizer(10 of33)
Open Image ModalHow it helps: A handy thing to keep around even if you're not sick (because other people are!), this will help keep your hands germ-free. (credit:Patrick Foto via Getty Images)
Eucalyptus Oil(11 of33)
Open Image ModalNEXT: Is It A Cold Or The Flu?(12 of33)
Open Image ModalFever(13 of33)
Open Image ModalFlu symptom?: Yes: high fever of 102°F (39°C) to 104°F (40°C), lasts three to four daysCold symptom?: Rarely (credit:kiatipol via Getty Images)
Headache(14 of33)
Open Image ModalFlu symptom?: Yes, can be severeCold symptom?: Rarely (credit:Colin Hawkins via Getty Images)
Runny, Stuffy Nose(15 of33)
Open Image ModalFlu symptom?: YesCold symptom?: Yes (credit:kristian sekulic via Getty Images)
Aches And Pains(16 of33)
Open Image ModalFlu symptom?: Yes, often severeCold symptom?: Sometimes, often mild (credit:milla1974 via Getty Images)
Tired And Weak(17 of33)
Open Image ModalFlu symptom?: Yes, can last for two to three weeksCold symptom?: Sometimes, often mild (credit:Paul Bradbury via Getty Images)
Extreme Fatigue(18 of33)
Open Image ModalFlu symptom?: Yes, one of the first symptomsCold symptom?: No (credit:Tara Moore via Getty Images)
Sneezing(19 of33)
Open Image ModalFlu symptom?: OccasionallyCold symptom?: Yes (credit:Trevor Williams via Getty Images)
Sore Throat(20 of33)
Open Image ModalFlu symptom?: YesCold symptom?: Yes (credit:ajijchan via Getty Images)
Coughing(21 of33)
Open Image ModalFlu symptom?: Yes, can be severeCold symptom?: Sometimes, usually mild (credit:BananaStock via Getty Images)
NEXT: Top Foods For Your Immune System(22 of33)
Open Image ModalGood Old Chicken Noodle Soup (23 of33)
Open Image ModalGrandma was right -- nothing beats chicken soup for fending off sniffles. Not only does it provide the fluids needed to help fight off viruses, it's a powerful mucus stimulant so it helps clear nasal congestion as well as thin mucus. It's also thought to have a mild anti-inflammatory effect than can help ease cold symptoms. Keep some organic chicken stock on hand, because studies have found that even commercial soup is as effective as homemade. (credit:Shutterstock)
Healers With Flavour (24 of33)
Open Image ModalIf you want to punch up the healing power of your chicken soup - or any other dish -- add plenty of garlic and onions. When combined, these flavorful healers contain numerous antiseptic and immunity boosting compounds. As an added plus, garlic helps to open clogged sinuses. (credit:Shutterstock)
Shroom It Away (25 of33)
Open Image ModalNo herbal medicine cabinet should be without mushrooms. They increase the production of cytokines, which are cells that help fight off infection. They also contain polysaccharides, which are compounds that support the immune system. The most potent cold- and flu-fighting 'shrooms are shitake, maitake and reishi. (credit:Shutterstock)
Keep The Citrus (26 of33)
Open Image ModalCitrus fruits contain hefty doses of powerhouse vitamin C. Studies have found that this antioxidant can reduce cold symptoms by 23 percent, and all that's needed is just one to eight grams (1,000 to 8,000 milligrams) to do the trick. Besides citrus fruits, other foods that have high amounts of vitamin C include papaya, sweet potatoes, butternut squash, tomatoes, broccoli, brussel sprouts and red bell peppers. (credit:Shutterstock)
Why Yogurt Works (27 of33)
Open Image ModalStudies have shown that eating a cup of low-fat yogurt each day can reduce your susceptibility to colds by 25 per cent. The beneficial bacteria is Lactobacillus reuteri which has been found to block the replication of viruses that invade the body when we get sick. Not all brands have that particular bacteria, so check labels and be sure to go organic. (credit:Shutterstock)
Immune-Boosting Supplements (28 of33)
Open Image ModalWhile yogurt is a great source of probiotics, some have more than others and we can really benefit by taking an additional supplement. Other immune-booster "musts" are vitamin D and Omega 3 fatty acid. (credit:Shutterstock)
Sipping Tea (29 of33)
Open Image ModalHot tea is soothing and a great home remedy, helping to thin mucus and ensure proper hydration. For added health benefit, sip green or black tea -- both are filled with flavonoids, which are potent antioxidants. (credit:Shutterstock)
Ginger Aid (30 of33)
Open Image ModalGinger comes to the aid when we're sick in some powerful ways. Besides soothing a scratchy throat, it has chemicals called sesquiterpenes that target rhinoviruses - which are the most common family of cold viruses - as well as substances that help suppress coughing. Ginger is also a natural pain and fever reducer and a mild sedative so you'll feel more comfortable and be able to rest easier. Add a couple of tablespoons of shredded gingerroot to your tea, or make ginger tea (it comes in tea bags, but you can also simmer fresh sliced ginger to make a potent brew). (credit:Shutterstock)
Honey, My Immune System Rocks (31 of33)
Open Image ModalHoney has numerous medicinal properties and because it coats your throat it is a natural way to soothe sore throats. It also has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties to help fight infections from viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Skip the common clover honey that you'll find in the supermarket as it has the lowest antioxidant level. Look for buckwheat honey, which has the highest. (A note of caution: never give honey to children under one years of age because their immune systems are not developed enough to ward off infantile botulism, which is carried in honey spores.)
Get Peppy (32 of33)
Open Image ModalIt's ironic that black pepper -- the spice best known for making you sneeze -- can ward off the sniffles. Black peppercorns are high in piperine, a compound known for its anti-fever and pain-relieving qualities. (credit:Shutterstock)
Make It Spicy (33 of33)
Open Image ModalMake recipes more flavorful with garlic, thyme, rosemary, sage and oregano -- while spicing things up, you'll also get an added kick of immune-busters, too. (credit:Shutterstock)
Other preventative measures include adopting good hygiene by washing your hands regularly, cleaning surfaces such as your keyboard, telephone and door handles, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Dr Nitin Shori, medical director of the Pharmacy2U Online Doctor service and a working NHS GP, believes that a healthy lifestyle helps to keep the immune system strong and offers a better chance of keeping flu at bay.
"But even those with the healthiest of lifestyles can find themselves suffering a bout of winter flu," he says.
For Dr Shori, the best port of call is still the flu jab. "While it doesn’t offer a 100% guarantee that you won’t catch flu, it does significantly lower the risk," he says.
And he's not the only one who believes so. Professor Cosford from PHE firmly believes that the flu vaccine is worth it.
"Whilst it's not possible to fully predict the strains that will circulate in any given season, flu vaccination remains the best protection we have against an unpredictable virus which can cause severe illness and deaths each year among at-risk group," he said.
According to NHS Choices, the best time to have the vaccine is between September and early November.