Even low level exposure to traffic fumes can increase the risk of lung cancer, a large study has found.
Air pollution may have to be added to smoking as a recognised cause of the disease, it is claimed.
Lung cancer is the biggest cancer killer in the UK, claiming almost 35,000 lives in 2010. In the same year, 42,000 Britons were diagnosed with the disease.
An estimated 86% of cases are believed to be a direct result of smoking. Other potential triggers include exposure to natural radioactive gas from the ground and toxic substances in the work place, such as asbestos.
Know Your Body, Spot Cancer Symptoms
A lump or swelling anywhere on your body needs checking out(01 of10)
Open Image ModalAXA’s research found that 79% of people were able to correctly identify breast lumps as a potential indicator of cancer. But a lump or swelling in any part of the body, including the armpit, neck, abdomen, groin or chest area, is worth having checked by a doctor. (credit:Alamy)
Talk about your toilet habits(02 of10)
Open Image ModalDiarrhoea or changes in bowel habits are most likely to be caused by a stomach bug or eating something that disagrees with you. But if you’re noticing changes that have lasted more than a few days, for example if your bowel movements are looser for three weeks or more, or you notice any blood when you’ve been to the toilet, then make an appointment to get it checked out. (credit:Alamy)
Sores and ulcers should disappear quickly – investigate them if they don’t(03 of10)
Open Image ModalA lot of people get mouth ulcers when their immune system is low or they’re stressed. Generally they’re nothing to worry about and, as the lining of the mouth regenerates itself every couple of weeks, shouldn’t last long. But any ulcer that hasn’t healed after three weeks merits attention from your doctor or dentist. The same goes for any sore or spot that lasts for several weeks without healing – get it checked by a doctor. (credit:Alamy)
Difficult passing urine – not just an inevitable consequence of age (04 of10)
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Lost weight without dieting?(05 of10)
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Coughing up blood needs to be checked out(06 of10)
Open Image ModalIf you’ve coughed up any blood, you should see your doctor, regardless of the amount of blood or frequency. It can be a sign of lung cancer, so needs to be checked out. (credit:Alamy)
Coughs and sore throats(07 of10)
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Educate yourself on what to look out for(08 of10)
Open Image ModalAXA’s research found women were more likely than men to identify key cancer warning signs, including breast lumps, changes in bowel habits and irregular moles. But for both men and women, ensuring you’re aware of symptoms to keep an eye out for is important. Knowledge is power: understanding what you’re looking for means you can any changes checked out quickly. (credit:Alamy)
Know your own body(09 of10)
Open Image ModalAXA’s research found only 6% of men and 3% of women check their bodies daily for anything unusual. But understanding what’s normal for your own body is essential if you’re to spot when anything has changed. If you do notice changes that are persisting for a long time, or causing you pain and discomfort, then see your GP. (credit:Alamy)
Don’t put off seeing the doctor!(10 of10)
Open Image ModalA sizeable 61% of people AXA spoke to admitted they’d delayed seeing their doctor when they spotted changes that could be potential flags for cancer. But early detection of any problems can make a huge difference if any treatment is then needed. Similarly, if changes are harmless your doctor will be able to reassure you. Overall, the sooner you go to see your GP, the better. (credit:Alamy)
The new research, reported in the journal The Lancet Oncology, analysed pooled information from 17 studies in nine European countries. In total, the data covered the heath of almost 313,000 individuals.
Air pollution levels were estimated at people's home addresses and cancer diagnosis rates obtained from national and local registries.
Over an average 13 year follow-up period, 2,095 study participants developed lung cancer.
People's chances of having the disease rose with greater exposure to small sooty particles generated by diesel exhausts which are known to lodge in the lungs.
Two size grades of particle were studied, tiny PM 2.5s and somewhat larger PM10s.
For every density increase in PM10s of 10 micrograms per cubic metre of air, the risk of lung cancer rose by 22%. For PM2.5s, every five microgram per metre cubed increase led to an 18% increase in risk.
The trend was seen below the air quality limits set by the European Union of 40 micrograms per cubic metre for PM10s and 25 micrograms for PM2.5s, according to the study authors.
Lead scientists Dr Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, from the Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, said: "We found no threshold below which there was no risk. The results showed a picture that 'the more the worse, the less the better'."
Traffic pollution was mostly linked to adenocarcinoma lung cancer, the only form of the disease to affect significant numbers of non-smokers.
Commenting in the journal, Japanese expert Dr Takashi Yorifuji from Okayama University wrote: "At this stage, we might have to add air pollution, even at current concentrations, to the list of causes of lung cancer and recognise that air pollution has large effects on public health."
A second study published in a sister journal, The Lancet, links air pollution with a higher chance of heart failure patients being hospitalised.
Researchers combined data from 35 studies and estimated that a modest reduction in fine particulate pollution levels could prevent 8,000 heart failure hospitalisations each year in the US.
Dr Anoop Shah, from the University of Edinburgh, who co-led the British Heart Foundation-funded study said: "We already know that air pollution is associated with an increased risk of having a heart attack. Our study suggests that air pollution also affects patients with heart failure."
Heart failure occurs when the heart is too weak to pump blood efficiently round the body. It affects more than 750,000 people in the UK.
Professor Jon Ayres, an expert in environmental and respiratory medicine at the University of Birmingham, said: "The study is powerful because of its multiple cohort design with an appropriate and better exposure estimate than in previous studies.
There is now no doubt that fine particles are a cause of lung cancer and the finding of higher effect sizes for adenocarcinoma adds internal biological credibility to the findings."