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Female Genital Mutilation: The Dangers of Social Currency

Posted: 16/05/2012 14:04

This week in Egypt, in a joint statement medics and human rights organisations condemned the actions of the Freedom and Justice Party -the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood in raising a convoy providing mobile female genital mutilation services and vaginal inspections. This is in spite of Egypt's commitment as a state to the universal declaration on human rights and child rights convention including the right to bodily integrity.

2012-05-16-FGMposterunicef.png
IMAGE: UNICEF 2010

To many such as UNICEF who campaign for awareness of this harmful practice in western countries however, Egypt remains a giant on the list of over 30 offending countries that provide this 'service' for over 90% of Egyptian girls and increasingly international clients, from for example Britain, India and Pakistan notwithstanding the 28 African countries that practice FGM.

Though we see a growing alignment in public media between FGM and Muslims in fact this practice pre-dates Islam by a long way, it is believed that Pharonic cultures practiced it among the highest echelons of society (circa 1450bc), thus this heinous act became a vehicle for social mobility aiding the lower classes to marry into the upper classes.

For those wondering why on earth (in spite of the many rebuttals from Islamic clerics that FGM is distinctly un-Islamic) the Muslim Brotherhood have decided to virtually campaign on their support of it? Perhaps a view down the lens of social currency is helpful. Certainly we are not unfamiliar here in the UK with the idea of politicians aligning themselves with moral currencies such as marriage and sexuality in the face of the rapid decline of monetary capital. The Muslim Brotherhood also find that taking the [dubious] moral high-ground of chastity and honour avails them the opportunity to triumphantly reach into the heart of the vast majority of economically deprived Egyptians without offering any actual policies to relieve their hardship.

Once again, women must pay the real cost, upon their bodies and within their painful memories, women's complicity in the practice the greatest gift to the un-Islamic, callous and greedy politik that has engulfed the Muslim world.

FGM is rife among communities where the social capital of the family or tribe is secured through marriage and childbirth. In poverty-stricken communities the frequency of FGM rises because social capital functions in the place of hard currency. Governments (with their 21st century knowledge on medical evidence against FGM) that allow and even promote such egregious acts as bound up with honour and religiosity are inevitably in fact revealing their unwillingness and incapacity to raise their people economically.

2012-05-16-tashghana.jpg
IMAGE Natasha Wyson 2009

In Britain, conservative estimates are that 100,000 women are victims of FGM, against a backdrop of 130 million worldwide, with three million a year being cut in the name of honour. Only recently the Crown Prosecution Services began proceedings against a British man who advised a British family to go abroad for FGM, and many of us know as practitioners and researchers that this is the tip of the iceberg .

As the Western world experiences hard times we may see an increase rather than a reduction of this appalling practice among our people, local socio-political skirmishes translating to heightened controls on marginalised women; their honour being called upon to shore up moral deficits elsewhere. In the coming months it will be up to each and every one of us to police and prevent any decline in the human rights of girls and women through FGM and make sure our voices are heard in our communities and neighbourhoods, standing behind those who wish to be free of this oppressive cultural practice but lack the moral support to overcome this culturally entrenched abuse.

 

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ramp613
Ex-conservative.
04:40 on 25/05/2012
Genital cutting on minor females OR MALES is abhorrent.

The United States has absolutely no moral high ground in this area. The push toward eliminating this barbaric procedure will have to come from elsewhere. The US is (rightfully) perceived as hypocritical when it comes to removing normal parts of children's genitals.
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HUFFPOST BLOGGER
Michelle Brooks
13:41 on 23/05/2012
Please voice your concerns to the UK Home Secretary who is also the Minister for Women by signing this e-petition http://www.avaaz.org/en/petition/Stop_female_genital_mutilation_in_the_UK/?fTsTHbb&pv=17
15:02 on 21/05/2012
Ritual circumcisions in Europa:
http://www.enfant.org
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
MarcEdward
likes all cats more than most people
14:55 on 17/05/2012
"child rights convention including the right to bodily integrity."

Do "child rights" include baby boys?
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
15:49 on 17/05/2012
Do child rights include children whose parents pierce their ears or elongate their neck?
What does bodily integrity actually mean?
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Hdaryl01
16:37 on 17/05/2012
Do either of these practices involve permanent and irreparable amputation of normal healthy functioning body parts?

False analogy. Try again.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Hdaryl01
16:15 on 17/05/2012
Only two UN member countries have not ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child-THE UNITED STATES, and SOMALIA. Somalia, without a functioning government for the past 20 years has plans to adopt this convention. Notwithstanding that the United States played a central role in drafting and promoting the convention.....hasn't signed or ratified it.

Could it be because well in excess of 130,000,000 men have been genitally mutilated in the United States alone through the routine practice of neo-natal male circumcision? Because very powerful interests in the United States would like to preserve the United States preferred genital cutting practice of male circumcision? Because well over 1,000,000 male infants in the United States alone are genitally cut annually-one every 36 seconds of every day of every week of every month of every year?

The double standard and intellectual dishonesty displayed by the Unted States generally, and its male genital cutting defenders specifically is astounding. On the one hand, there is appalled outrage that FGM occurs in Africa, that 130,000,000 women worldwide are victims, and 3,000,000 women worldwide are genitally cut annually.

But, more men, in the United States alone, are victims of genital mutilation, than female victims exist on the planet. One third as many males are genitally mutilated in the United States alone as females are genitally mutilated on the entire planet on an annual basis. The United States has 5% of global population......

Where's the outrage?
17:05 on 17/05/2012
Hdary circumcision of baby boys doesn't interfere with their ability to enjoy sex. It does interfere with their ability to transmit std's and ntably reduces te chances of transmitting AIDS or getting AIDS. It also greatly reduces the chances of women who have sex with circumcized boys (notably Jews) of getting cancer of the cervix which is not surprising given that cancer of the cervix is caused by an std. Anytime you can tell me of a health reason for genitally mutilating a girl please feel free to tell me about it.
12:59 on 18/05/2012
First of all, I'm opposed as opposed male circumcision as you are. Then onto my comment. If you want to call male circumcision FGM that's up to you, but to compare male circumcision to female FGM is way off base. The consequences for a woman who has been mutilated is much more far-reaching than that of a man who has been circumcised - I use FGM for women and circumcision for men on purpose here.
Then onto the hypocracy of the US with regards to the UN Convention on the RIghts of the Child. I agree with you that there is a double standard on behalf of the US when it comes to human rights etc. when the government, including the Congress, has not been willing to sign and ratify the Convention. And you are probably right that male circumcision is one of the reasons for why it has not happened yet.
But issues such as the minimum age for enlistment in the US Military, 17, and corporal punishment are likely to be more significant. According to the UN we are children untill we turn 18, so letting a 17 year old enlist is de facto recruiting a child soldier.
WHen it comes to corporal punishment I believe it is a matter of not being able to pass it in Congress because the representatives are not likely to be able to 'sell' it to his/her constituents
14:21 on 17/05/2012
At the time of the Arab Spring, the leftwing media portrayed the Muslim Brotherhood as moderates, while the rightwing warned against the coming of Islamist fundamentalism. Guess who was right?
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h111aryc1inton
Just trying to tell the truth
18:49 on 17/05/2012
That's not fair - the Muslim Brotherhood told the Left that they would be great to work wth and would be totally into change...

Just because the right didn't believed them (and turned out to be correct) is no reason to make fun of the left...
13:14 on 17/05/2012
This barbaric practice should be regarded as torture due to the pain inflicted and its permanent side effects. The British government is not doing enough to combat this, probably terrified of offending Muslims, but every British citizen should be equally protected regardless of their parents' religious or cultural views. Sentencing should reflect the severity of this offense as well.
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HUFFPOST BLOGGER
Michelle Brooks
11:54 on 19/05/2012
Yes, our cultural anxieties led us over the cliff in Great Britain, I have recently completed a lecture tour in Australia where I warned of the insidious nature of this, and the ways it can be avoided. I regularly speak internationally on the lessons learned, in an effort to stem the flow of oppressive practices, often occurring in the face of existing legislation but within a system that is disabled by anxieties over 'offending communities' and there is no greater racism than that which turns the other cheek while minority communities lose the battle against violence and oppression and indeed sometimes, radicalisation.
08:11 on 17/05/2012
How about the mutilation of MALE GENITALIA?

After all this bruhaha, how is it ok?
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
MarcEdward
likes all cats more than most people
14:56 on 17/05/2012
From the story "child rights convention including the right to bodily integrity."

ITA - where's the protection for boys?
06:40 on 17/05/2012
Thanks for this article. Its an uphill battle against the tide of conservatism which is promoting this horrible practice and I wish all the best to those who are trying to fight against it.
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h111aryc1inton
Just trying to tell the truth
18:50 on 17/05/2012
Conservatism?
05:02 on 17/05/2012
Only a cruel person would do this it's roots are evil along with the purpose it serves. According to the World Health Organization: 4 classifications of FGM. The main 3 are Type I, removal of the clitoral hood, almost invariably accompanied by removal of the clitoris itself . Type II, removal of the clitoris and inner labia; and Type III (infibulation), removal of all or part of the inner and outer labia, and usually the clitoris,the fusion of the wound, leaving a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood the fused wound is torn for intercourse and childbirth.[4] Around 85 percent of women who undergo FGM experience Types I and II, and 15 percent Type III, though Type III is the most common procedure in several countries, including Sudan, Somalia, and Djibouti.[5] Several miscellaneous acts are categorized as Type IV. These range from a symbolic pricking or piercing of the clitoris or labia, cauterization of the clitoris, cutting into the vagina to widen it (gishiri cutting), and introducing corrosive substances to tighten it. So equivalent to cutting off the tip of a man penis while adult not the foreskin but the end the sensitive part try to imagine your penis mutilated never enjoy sex along w/ health issues no one in the world would support this if the shoe were on the other foot
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Hdaryl01
07:59 on 17/05/2012
Part 1.
The editorial license you have taken with your post is interesting, and revealing.

The WHO 2007 FGM Typology includes four (4) Types of FGM. However, contrary to your abbreviated and embellished summary above, there are two (2) subtypes included in Type I, three (3) subtypes included in Type II, and two subtypes included in Type III, in addition to Type IV. Here is a link to the actual WHO "Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation" document, on the actual WHO website: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596442_eng.pdf A review of page 24 of the document would be illuminating.

Your "Type I, removal of the clitoral hood, almost invariably accompanied by removal of the clitoris itself" statement is interesting, in that it doesn't comport at all with the actual language of the WHO Type I typology:

Type I: Partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (clitoridectomy). When it is important to distinguish between the major variations of Type I mutilation, the following subdivisions are proposed: Type Ia, removal of the clitoral hood or prepuce only; Type Ib, removal of the clitoris with the prepuce.

The WHO does not state anything that could remotely be construed to be analogous to your embellishment "almost invariably accompanied" in its typology. It is also interesting that you chose to use the term "clittoral hood" used once by the WHO, as opposed to the term "prepuce" used three times. Why?
20:49 on 17/05/2012
Get a life you are pathetic to argue or debate something so wrong why get so technical it's mutilation. Really whats your point glad you could clarify me because you are so smart thank you!!!!!!!!!
20:51 on 17/05/2012
by the way I got the information from the World Health Organization I edited it because I had to many characters to post since you are so SMART im sure you know that!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Hdaryl01
07:59 on 17/05/2012
Part 2.
Because, you would like to artificially differentiate the exactly analogous genital cutting procedure routinely performed on males in the U.S.-male circumcision. The surgical amputation of the male prepuce (foreskin) only performed in the male genital cutting circumcision procedure is exactly analogous to WHO FGM Type I(a) which involves the surgical amputation of the female prepuce (clittoral hood) only. Not only is the name (prepuce) the same, the prepuce develops from the same cells in males and females.

This is an inconvenient truth. Genital cutting in all forms, on any person, of any gender is abhorrent. Why are U.S. folks mortified by FGM, yet these same folks, like you, defend and differentiate male genital cutting, or circumcision? This is the epitome of intellectual dishonesty. And, this posture smacks of predjudice and racism. Our genital cutting is OK because we do it do males, but not females. Your genital cutting is not OK because you dfo it to females.....

It's time this debate is re-focused on the broader issue of genital cutting. Males deserve the same exact rights currently enjoyed by females. The same exact reasons FGM is a travesty are equally applicable to male circumcision.
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tallen
panem et circenses
02:55 on 17/05/2012
Egypt's new motto should be: "Forward, to the 7th century"
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
MarcEdward
likes all cats more than most people
14:57 on 17/05/2012
As it dates back further, it should be "Forward to 1450 BC"
23:46 on 16/05/2012
Many thanks to Michelle for highlighting this often neglected but important issue. The statistics alone are simply staggering. This article serves as a great reminder for us all that a stand for women's rights is also a stand for human rights.
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SecularAdvocate
Media Watcher
22:43 on 16/05/2012
I think the roots of all the sad attempts to exert control over females and their sexuality lie in male sexual inadequacy. The fear men have of the feelings women invoke in them that they have no control over makes men angry, spiteful and vengeful.

As ever, the answer to the problem is education, and lots of it. And watch what happens when people try and provide it - from the Girl Scouts of America catching flak from Catholic Bishops to the Taliban throwing acid in women's faces for attending school.

The almost perfect measure of a society's worth and sophistication is the degree to which it provides open and honest education for its young women.
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HUFFPOST BLOGGER
Michelle Brooks
08:28 on 17/05/2012
Yes, absolutely, in fact the roots of this practice, traced back to the Pharaohs,show that it was used to control women and this does reflect an insecurity on the part of the males and a deep disrespect for the women, however, they [women] would be complicit in their use of it to mark them as members of the upper echelons of society, matriarchs would propagate this view, using it to differentiate from lower classes and slaves. This led to a catastrophic global drive across thousands of years to achieve the high social status that FGM provided. Now, status is the major driver, frankly, I think women are the key to bringing about change as they are overwhelmingly the facilitators, mothers, grandmothers, aunts, village 'doctors'. As you say education,education and education.. and new forms of capital are needed to function as markers of morality in order to render this practice obsolete. It will be a long haul, we'll need everyone we can get to be on side.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Hdaryl01
16:31 on 17/05/2012
How do you see the powerful role of women leading in the cause to eliminate ALL genital cutting of ALL genders on the planet? If FGM is a throw back to patriarchal, mysogonistic, with a little chauvanism thrown in socieites, and is based on females being chattels for whom decisions can be made for and on, how do you explain the dichotomy of the practice of male genital cutting through circumcision in the United States? In the U.S., it is a violation of international, federal, and state law in all states to even prick or nick the genitals of female children. Parents of female children in the U.S. do not have the choice to decide to genitally cut female children-this choice has been eliminated. Female U.S. children have been emancipated, and are no longer viewed as chattels. Yet, male U.S. children remain unemancipated, remain viewed as chattels upon which parents can freely exercise the choice to genitally cut-to the tune of 1,000,000 annually. How do you square this with the 14th amendment? Should we allow parents to exercise the same choice they do with male children on female children? Or, should we afford male children the same rights afforded female children? Why the double standard? Why the outrage about a practice that occurs in Africa on females, while the blindness to the same practice that occurs in the United States on males? When will women stand up for principle?
21:04 on 16/05/2012
Sadly the frankly primitive and backward views and practices in the Islamic world don´t get all the attention they would deserve in the contemporary world as the left in the west has decided to ignore it in the name of cultural relativism, political correctness and white man´s guilt. So, in that context, a very good article.
13:19 on 18/05/2012
FGM is practiced in many countries where Islam is not the main religion. The sad fact that many Muslims believe that FGM is mentioned in the Koran - not being able to read they have to trust people of power who consider FGM a way to controll women - while it is not. It is moreover, important to remember that most Muslims do not practice FGM. I do agree with you that this is an area where cultural relativism and political correctness have no place. Fortunatelly, political correctness is not so much an issue anymore. The 're-naming' from female circumcision to female cutting to female genital mutilation is a significant step forward.
19:04 on 16/05/2012
Great article Michelle. Disturbing that the Muslim Brotherhood by virtue are encouraging FGM. As many female Middle Eastern activists have remarked, the Arab Spring has been a huge disappointment with respect to progressing women's rights and this is just another example.
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HUFFPOST BLOGGER
Michelle Brooks
22:01 on 16/05/2012
Indeed. Spring has turned to Fall, sadly.
13:58 on 18/05/2012
The Arab Spring with so many women playing a vital part reminds me of how women in Algeria were essential to the outcome of the Algerian War against France just to be 'forced' back into their pre-war subservient position. Society as a whole was not ready for the change.
And although I in no way am comparing what women of the Arab Spring are experiencing to what women in the West went through in the aftermath of WWII, where they were expected to returned to their duties as homemakers after having been the main bread winner for years, the mechanisms are much the same.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Ben Wilson
Might as well laugh while you still can.
16:45 on 16/05/2012
No disrespect to the lady who wrote this, because its a great article I agree with, but we get nowhere by pretending there is an outpouring of condemnation for FGM by Islamic clerics. Sufi Clerics and other more liberal leaning ones perhaps, but those anti FGM are not exactly indicative of the whole religious heiracy of each sect. If it was that opposed and indeed unquestionably haram, it would not continue. It's time to get brutal against the mutilators, time for a global name and shame exercise Lets put these 'doctors' faces up in neon lights, and send Fox News out to stalk them...They're good at stalking and no one will care if they die...That's harsh let me change it.... and they need to do something good to finish thier application for readmission to the human race.
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HUFFPOST BLOGGER
Michelle Brooks
20:01 on 16/05/2012
Ben thanks for your comment. For those of us who come face to face with victims it's difficult and overwhelming to get over the anger and frustration but to bring the changes we need it will take societal change on a global scale. If you look into the case of foot binding which has greatly diminished you can see that it can be done, we can overcome centuries of abusive practice. The UN document I embedded here has details. Anyone who supports this heinous practice should be named and shamed it is illegal and I will always press for the full weight of the law to be brought raining down upon them. We must educate girls and families, we must talk about this in the public sphere and voice our disgust, we must make it the shameful thing it is, with our voices. If you will do that, you are part of the solution. As for Islam, if it no longer existed, there would prob be more FGM as even more signposts of honour would be required for marriage, at least, faith provides alternative routes to morality, those who conflate Islam with FGM are just callous liars. I am non- religious but we mustn't oppress one group to save another I feel :)
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Ben Wilson
Might as well laugh while you still can.
20:36 on 16/05/2012
The big problem is that it is very hard to change the minds of hardline religionists, and their interpretations. This practice I agree has significant cultural links, and is a distinctivly an African issue, but from what I know it still pretty much excluesive to Islam within Africa. it is unquestionably complex, but it's an Islamic issue, and the proponants are going to listen to their brother and sisters more than us. Why exactly is this issue being left to the secular community?
20:47 on 16/05/2012
Great work Michelle. Anyone arriving on the planet and seeing this horrible practice, would think us all barbarian for allowing, never mind advocating it. To do this to those who are undoubtedly the weakest and most vulnerable, is beyond comprehension. Large sections of society have a long way to go on the path to civilisation.
Watching the scenes of jubilation in Tahrir square last year, the phrase 'too good to be true' came to mind.
22:37 on 16/05/2012
The Grand Mufti of Egypt and a number of other scholars (even the [in]famous Yusuf al-Qaradawi) have released opinions/fatwas banning the practice since 2006. See http://www.target-human-rights.com/HP-08_fatwa/index.php?lang=en& The issue to me is why the Muslim Brotherhood are ignoring these edicts.
03:50 on 17/05/2012
She explains why they are doing it very well in the article. It plays well with the audience they are targeting.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Ben Wilson
Might as well laugh while you still can.
10:30 on 17/05/2012
Thats good/useful/interesting to know.