Somali militant group al-Shabaab has claimed responsibility for the deadly attack on a Nairobi shopping centre that left scores dead and others injured. Formed less than a decade ago, yet responsible for a string of attacks, the group has engendered a culture of fear through pockets of eastern Africa.
Though operating under the name Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, the Islamist group is often referred to simply as al-Shabaab - meaning "the youth". Al-Shabaab was formed in 2006, emanating from the Islamic Courts Union that ran the Somali capital, Mogadishu, for six months before being driven from power.
The spokesperson for Somalia's Al-Shabaab militant group, Robow Abu Mansur (centre)
Since then, the group has been said to engage in guerrilla warfare tactics against the Somali government and Ethiopian troops stationed in the country. It soon formally aligned itself with al Qaida, attracting hundreds of foreign fighters, including Britons.
Al-Shabaab has claimed responsibility for several deadly suicide bombings, including one in February 2009, which killed 11 Burundian soldiers on an African Union peacekeeping mission. The group carried out its first major international attack in July 2010 when it bombed the Ugandan capital, Kampala, killing at least 74 people.
A woman is dragged out of the Nairobi mall
A dominant force despite its size, al-Shabaab was dealt a blow in February 2012 after troops from the African Union force in the country (Amisom) succeeded in driving the Islamist group from Mogadishu. Hopes for an end to their reign of terror were further bolstered by reports that the al-Shabaab stronghold of Baidoa in the south west of the country had fallen to troops from neighbouring Ethiopia and Somali government forces.
Despite this, the group still exercises significant control over vast swathes of the south towards its border with Kenya.
Nairobi Mall Shooting (WARNING: Graphic Pictures)
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Relatives help a woman at the Nairobi City Mortuary after she identified the body of a victim of the mall attack in Kenya, Sunday, Sept. 22, 2013. Kenyan authorities said Islamic extremist attackers remain inside the upscale Kenyan shopping mall, holding an unknown number of hostages, after killing at least 39 and injuring 150 during Saturday's attack. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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Sunday, Sept. 22, 2013: Nairobi, Kenya_ Relatives help a woman at the Nairobi City Mortuary after she identified the body of a victim of the Saturday attack at a mall. Kenyan authorities said Islamic extremist attackers remain inside the upscale Kenyan shopping mall, holding an unknown number of hostages, after killing and injuring scores of people in the attack. An assault by Islamic extremists at a Kenya mall, a suicide attack on a Pakistani church and assaults by suicide bombers targeting mourners at Shiite and Sunni funerals in Iraq have killed more than 250 people and injured at least 470 others since Saturday. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013: Nairobi, Kenya_ A security officer helps a wounded woman outside the Westgate Mall after gunmen opened fire and threw grenades. Kenyan authorities said Islamic extremist attackers remain inside the upscale Kenyan shopping mall Sunday, holding an unknown number of hostages, after killing and injuring scores of people the attack. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi, File) (credit:AP)
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Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013: Nairobi, Kenya_Civilians who had been hiding during a gun battle hold their hands in the air as a precautionary measure before being searched by armed police leading them to safety, inside the Westgate Mall. Kenyan authorities said Islamic extremist attackers remain inside the upscale Kenyan shopping mall Sunday, holding an unknown number of hostages, after killing and injuring scores of people in the attack. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan, File) (credit:AP)
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Kenya security forces are seen behind a wall outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Monday morning, Sept. 23, 2013. Kenya's military launched a major operation at the upscale Nairobi mall and said it had rescued "most" of the hostages being held captive by al-Qaida-linked militants during the standoff that killed at least 68 people and injured 175. (AP Photo/Jerome Delay) (credit:AP)
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Kenya security personnel, one in plain clothes, take cover outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya, Monday Sept. 23, 2013 after shooting started inside the mall. Kenya's military launched a major operation at the upscale Nairobi mall and said it had rescued "most" of the hostages being held captive by al-Qaida-linked militants during the standoff that killed at least 68 people and injured 175. (AP Photo/Sayyid Azim) (credit:AP)
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Kenya security forces are seen behind a wall outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Monday morning, Sept. 23, 2013. Kenya's military launched a major operation at the upscale Nairobi mall and said it had rescued "most" of the hostages being held captive by al-Qaida-linked militants during the standoff that killed at least 68 people and injured 175. (AP Photo/Jerome Delay) (credit:AP)
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Kenya security personnel arrive in a land rover outside the Westgate Mall after firing started inside the mall in Nairobi, Kenya, Monday, Sept. 23, 2013. Kenya's military launched a major operation at an upscale Nairobi mall and said it had rescued "most" of the hostages being held captive by al-Qaida-linked militants during a two-day standoff that killed at least 68 people and injured 175. (AP Photo/Sayyid Azim) (credit:AP)
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Kenya Security personnel take cover outside the Westgate Mall after firing started inside the mall early Monday morning, Sept. 23, 2013. Kenya's military launched a major operation at the upscale Nairobi mall and said it had rescued "most" of the hostages being held captive by al-Qaida-linked militants during the standoff that killed at least 68 people and injured 175. (AP Photo/Sayyid Azim) (credit:AP)
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Kenyans wait to donate blood for victims in Sunday's terrorist attack on a shopping mall, at Uhuru Park in Nairobi, Kenya Monday, Sept. 23, 2013. Hostages being held by al-Qaida-linked terrorists in the mall have not been released despite an earlier statement from the military that "most" had been rescued, a person connected to the situation told The Associated Press on Monday. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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People donate blood for injured persons in an attack at the Westgate Mall, at Uhuru Park in Nairobi, Kenya, Monday, Sept. 23, 2013. Hostages being held by al-Qaida-linked terrorists in the mall have not been released despite an earlier statement from the military that most had been rescued, a person connected to the situation told The Associated Press on Monday. Military helicopters circled over the mall at daybreak, when about five minutes of sustained gunfire broke out at the mall, a clear indication that at least one of the estimated 10 to 15 gunmen who attacked the mall when it was filled with shoppers Saturday was still on the loose. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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People donate blood for injured persons in an attack at the Westgate Mall, at Uhuru Park in Nairobi, Kenya, Monday, Sept. 23, 2013. Hostages being held by al-Qaida-linked terrorists in the mall have not been released despite an earlier statement from the military that most had been rescued, a person connected to the situation told The Associated Press on Monday. Military helicopters circled over the mall at daybreak, when about five minutes of sustained gunfire broke out at the mall, a clear indication that at least one of the estimated 10 to 15 gunmen who attacked the mall when it was filled with shoppers Saturday was still on the loose. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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Stephen, center, who lost his father in Saturday's attack at the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya, is comforted by relatives as he waits for the post mortem exam at the city morgue Monday, Sept. 23, 2013. Islamic extremist gunmen lobbed grenades and fired assault rifles inside Nairobi's top mall Saturday, killing dozens and wounding over a hundred in the attack. Early Monday morning gunmen remained holed up inside the mall with an unknown number of hostages. (AP Photo/Jerome Delay) (credit:AP)
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Stephen, center, who lost his father in Saturday's attack at the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya, is comforted by relatives as he waits for the post mortem exam at the city morgue Monday, Sept. 23, 2013. Islamic extremist gunmen lobbed grenades and fired assault rifles inside Nairobi's top mall Saturday, killing dozens and wounding over a hundred in the attack. Early Monday morning gunmen remained holed up inside the mall with an unknown number of hostages. (AP Photo/Jerome Delay) (credit:AP)
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Paramedics and police officers run outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi after heavy shooting started Monday, Sept. 23, 2013. Kenya's military launched a major operation at the upscale Nairobi mall and said it had rescued "most" of the hostages being held captive by al-Qaida-linked militants during the standoff. (AP Photo/Sayyid Azim) (credit:AP)
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Armed police from the General Service Unit take cover behind a wall during a bout of gunfire, outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Monday, Sept. 23, 2013. Hostages being held by al-Qaida-linked terrorists in a Nairobi mall have not been released despite an earlier statement from the military that "most" had been rescued, a person connected to the situation told The Associated Press on Monday. (AP Photo/Ben Curtis) (credit:AP)
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People take cover outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi after heavy shooting started Monday, Sept. 23, 2013. Kenya's military launched a major operation at the upscale Nairobi mall and said it had rescued "most" of the hostages being held captive by al-Qaida-linked militants during the standoff. (AP Photo/Sayyid Azim) (credit:AP)
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A paramedic runs for cover outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi after heavy shooting started Monday, Sept. 23, 2013. Kenya's military launched a major operation at the upscale Nairobi mall and said it had rescued "most" of the hostages being held captive by al-Qaida-linked militants during the standoff. (AP Photo/Sayyid Azim) (credit:AP)
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A Red Cross assistant helps a child outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013, after gunmen threw grenades and opened fire during an attack that left multiple dead and dozens wounded. A witness to the attacks on the upscale shopping mall says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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A security guard helps a child outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21 2013, after gunmen threw grenades and opened fire during an attack that left multiple dead and dozens wounded. A witness to the attacks on the upscale shopping mall says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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The mother and a security guard help a child outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21 2013, after gunmen threw grenades and opened fire during an attack that left multiple dead and dozens wounded. A witness to the attacks on the upscale shopping mall says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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Security officers help a wounded woman outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013, after gunmen threw grenades and opened fire during an attack that left multiple dead and dozens wounded. A witness to the attacks on the upscale shopping mall says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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An injured person is helped on his arrival at the Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi after an attack at the Westgate Mall, an upscale shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday Sept. 21, 2013, where shooting erupted when armed men staged an attack. A witness to the attacks says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. Initial police reports had described the incident as a botched robbery. Witnesses say a half dozen grenades also went off along with volleys of gunfire in and around the mall. (AP Photo/Jason Straziuso) (credit:AP)
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An injured person is helped on his arrival at the Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi after an attack at the Westgate Mall, an upscale shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday Sept. 21, 2013, where shooting erupted when armed men staged an attack. A witness to the attacks says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. Initial police reports had described the incident as a botched robbery. Witnesses say a half dozen grenades also went off along with volleys of gunfire in and around the mall. (AP Photo/Jason Straziuso) (credit:AP)
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An injured person arrives at the Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi after an attack at the Westgate Mall, an upscale shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday Sept. 21, 2013, where shooting erupted when armed men staged an attack. A witness to the attacks says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. Initial police reports had described the incident as a botched robbery. Witnesses say a half dozen grenades also went off along with volleys of gunfire in and around the mall. (AP Photo/Jason Straziuso) (credit:AP)
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An injured person is helped on his arrival at the Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi after an attack at the Westgate Mall, an upscale shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday Sept. 21, 2013, where shooting erupted when armed men staged an attack. A witness to the attacks says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. Initial police reports had described the incident as a botched robbery. Witnesses say a half dozen grenades also went off along with volleys of gunfire in and around the mall. (AP Photo/Jason Straziuso) (credit:AP)
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An injured person makes a phone call as he is helped on his arrival at the Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi after an attack at the Westgate Mall, an upscale shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday Sept. 21, 2013, where shooting erupted when armed men staged an attack. A witness to the attacks says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. Initial police reports had described the incident as a botched robbery. Witnesses say a half dozen grenades also went off along with volleys of gunfire in and around the mall. (AP Photo/Jason Straziuso) (credit:AP)
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An armed police officer takes cover during a bout of gunfire outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya, Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Ben Curtis) (credit:AP)
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Armed police take cover behind escalators as smoke fills the air inside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday, killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan) (credit:AP)
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A body is seen on the floor, below right, as smoke fills the air inside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday, killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan) (credit:AP)
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Civilians who had been hiding inside during the gun battle manage to flee from the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday, killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan) (credit:AP)
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Armed police leave after entering the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday, killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan) (credit:AP)
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Civilians who had been hiding inside during the gun battle manage to flee from the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday, killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan) (credit:AP)
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A woman who had been hiding during the gun battle runs for cover after armed police, seen behind, enter the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya, Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday, killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan) (credit:AP)
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Armed police leave after entering the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday, killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan) (credit:AP)
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Armed police crouch down and take position during a gun battle outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan) (credit:AP)
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A woman who had been hiding inside and managed to flee, sits in a state of shock, as an unidentified armed member of the security forces, above, keeps watch outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan) (credit:AP)
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Security helps a woman outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013, after gunmen threw grenades and opened fire during an attack that left multiple dead and dozens wounded. A witness to the attacks on the upscale shopping mall says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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Civilians who had been hiding during the gun battle hold their hands in the air as a precautionary measure before being searched by armed police leading them to safety, inside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday, killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan) (credit:AP)
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Civilians who had been hiding inside during gunbattles manage to flee from the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013. Gunmen threw grenades and opened fire Saturday killing at least 22 people in an attack targeting non-Muslims at an upscale mall in Kenya's capital that was hosting a children's day event, a Red Cross official and witnesses said. (AP Photo/Jonathan Kalan) (credit:AP)
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Security helps people outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013, after gunmen threw grenades and opened fire during an attack that left multiple dead and dozens wounded. A witness to the attacks on the upscale shopping mall says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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Armed special force aim their guns at the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya on Saturday, Sept. 21 2013, after gunmen threw grenades and opened fire during an attack that left multiple dead and dozens wounded. A witness to the attacks on the upscale shopping mall says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted(AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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Security helps a wounded woman outside the Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya Saturday, Sept. 21, 2013, after gunmen threw grenades and opened fire during an attack that left multiple dead and dozens wounded. A witness to the attacks on the upscale shopping mall says that gunmen told Muslims to stand up and leave and that non-Muslims would be targeted. (AP Photo/Khalil Senosi) (credit:AP)
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A policeman carries a baby to safety after masked gunmen stormed an upmarket mall and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least six on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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A Kenyan woman is helped to safety after masked gunmen stormed an upmarket mall and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least six on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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A dead body lies on the ground as armed policemen try enter the Westgate mall after masked gunmen stormed an upmarket mall and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least six on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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A policeman carries a baby to safety after masked gunmen stormed an upmarket mall and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least six on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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A body of a man lies on the ground as armed policemen try to get entry into the Westgate after masked gunmen stormed an upmarket mall and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least six on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Injured people receive assistance from bypassers after masked gunmen stormed an upmarket mall and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least thirteen on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Injured people sit on the street waiting for assistance after masked gunmen stormed an upmarket mall and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least thirteen on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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People run away from an upmarket mall after masked gunmen stormed it and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least six on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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A woman is trolled into an ambulance after masked gunmen stormed an upmarket mall and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least thirteen on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Picture taken on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi shows the Westgate shopping Mall, where masked gunmen sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least thirteen. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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A body of a man lies on the ground as armed policemen try to get entry into the Westgate after masked gunmen stormed an upmarket mall and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least six on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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An injured man is trolled into an ambulance after masked gunmen stormed an upmarket mall and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least six on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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The body of a boy is trolled away after masked gunmen stormed an upmarket mall and sprayed gunfire on shoppers and staff, killing at least six on September 21, 2013 in Nairobi. The Gunmen have taken at least seven hostages, police and security guards told an AFP reporter at the scene. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAINA (Photo credit should read SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)