Greater Manchester Police Shooting: Why The UK, Ireland, And Norway Don't Routinely Arm Police

Does Arming The Police Mean More People Get Shot?
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What's the difference between Norway and Sweden?

The two Scandinavian countries are both affluent, with a commitment to liberal democracy and the welfare state. But there's one crucial difference; in Norway, police are not armed as a matter of course. But in Sweden, they regularly carry guns.

The result? According to a 2010 study by Johannes Knutsson and Jon Strype, there are fewer injuries and deaths among Norwegian citizens.

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Police lay flowers at the scene where two female officers were killed in Britain

Dr Peter Squires, an expert on gun crime at the University of Brighton, says the study is not unusual.

"Just the fact of arming the police means that they approach incidents more aggressively, there are more armed incidents, more people get shot," he tells The Huffington Post UK.

That's one of the reasons why the UK, like Ireland, Norway and New Zealand, doesn't routinely arm its police - in contrast to the rest of the European world and north America.

According to New Zealand police chief Peter Marshall, there's another reason why they don't routinely armed police: "International experience shows that making firearms more accessible raises certain risks that are very difficult to control."

But it's not just the increased risk of violence, it's also about how police go about their job.

So why do police have arms at all? Paul Beshenivsky, the widower of murdered police constable Sharon Beshenivsky, has become the latest to call for the routine arming of officers in Britain - saying it will help officers' confidence.

In the US, Colonel Richie Johnson, West Baton Rouge Sheriff's Officer, told the BBC he couldn't imagine the police not being armed, asking: "What does a British police officer do if someone comes out with a knife? Is he supposed to get out his knife and fight him?"

But as Jenny Jones points out in a blog for The Huffington Post UK, the majority of police are opposed to carrying arms.

"A 2006 Police Federation survey showed an overwhelming majority (82%) of police opposed the routine arming of on-duty police officers. Despite a rise in terrorism and gun-related crime since similar surveys in 2003 and 1995, officers questioned remained steadfast in their opposition to armed policing."

Dr Squires points out the a change in Britain could "changes the relationship between the police and the public. It has wider ramifications in terms of how people look upon and interact with the police."

Manchester Shootings
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Court artist sketch by Elizabeth Cook of Dale Cregan at Manchester Crown Court where he is accused of four murders including the shooting and grenade attack that killed two policewomen. (credit:PA)
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A British armed police unit secures the area as he waits for the police van believed to be transporting Dale Cregan, the man charged with the murders of two police officers in a gun and grenade attack, to leave Manchester magistrates court in Manchester, north-west England on September 21, 2012. Female police officers Nicola Hughes, 23, and Fiona Bone, 32, were killed as they responded to what they thought was a routine burglary call in Tameside, Greater Manchester, northwestern England, on September 18. Cregan, who is also accused of killing father and son David and Mark Short in separate incidents earlier this year, has been charged with four counts of murder, Greater Manchester Police said. AFP PHOTO / ANDREW YATES (Photo credit should read ANDREW YATES/AFP/GettyImages) (credit:Getty Images)
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The police van believed to be transporting Dale Cregan, the man charged with the murders of two police officers in a gun and grenade attack, leaves Manchester magistrates court in Manchester, north-west England on September 21, 2012. Female police officers Nicola Hughes, 23, and Fiona Bone, 32, were killed as they responded to what they thought was a routine burglary call in Tameside, Greater Manchester, northwestern England, on September 18. Cregan, who is also accused of killing father and son David and Mark Short in separate incidents earlier this year, has been charged with four counts of murder, Greater Manchester Police said. AFP PHOTO / ANDREW YATES (Photo credit should read ANDREW YATES/AFP/GettyImages) (credit:Getty Images)
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The police van believed to be transporting suspect Dale Cregan, the man charged with the murders of two police officers in a gun and grenade attack, leaves Manchester magistrates court in Manchester, north-west England on September 21, 2012. Female police officers Nicola Hughes, 23, and Fiona Bone, 32, were killed as they responded to what they thought was a routine burglary call in Tameside, Greater Manchester, northwestern England, on September 18. Cregan, who is also accused of killing father and son David and Mark Short in separate incidents earlier this year, has been charged with four counts of murder, Greater Manchester Police said. AFP PHOTO / ANDREW YATES (Photo credit should read ANDREW YATES/AFP/GettyImages) (credit:Getty Images)
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A police van believed to be carrying Dale Cregan leaves Manchester Magistrates Court, Manchester, where he appeared accused of four murders including the shooting and grenade attack that killed two policewomen. (credit:PA)
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Armed police on the streets as a police van believed to be carrying Dale Cregan (not pictured) leaves Manchester Magistrates Court, Manchester, where he appeared accused of four murders including the shooting and grenade attack that killed two policewomen. (credit:PA)
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A police van believed to be carrying Dale Cregan arrives at HMP Manchester Prison, Manchester, after he appeared at Manchester Crown Court accused of four murders including the shooting and grenade attack that killed two policewomen. (credit:PA)
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Armed police stand guard as a police van believed to be carrying Dale Cregan (not pictured) arrives at HMP Manchester Prison, Manchester, after he appeared at Manchester Crown Court accused of four murders including the shooting and grenade attack that killed two policewomen. (credit:PA)
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Armed police stand guard as a police van believed to be carrying Dale Cregan (not pictured) arrives at HMP Manchester Prison, Manchester, after he appeared at Manchester Crown Court accused of four murders including the shooting and grenade attack that killed two policewomen. (credit:PA)
Dale Cregan Appears At Manchester City Magistrates' Court To Face Murder Charges(10 of82)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 21: A police officer stands guard as Dale Cregan arrives in an armed convoy to face charges of murder and attempted murder at Manchester City Magistrates' Court on September 21, 2012 in Manchester, England. Dale Cregan, 29, stands accused of four murders, including PC Nicola Hughes and PC Fiona Bone on September 18, and also in two separate attacks earlier this year of Mark Short and his father David Short. Cregan is also being charged with an additional four counts of attempted murder. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Dale Cregan Appears At Manchester City Magistrates' Court To Face Murder Charges(11 of82)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 21: Police officers stand guard as Dale Cregan arrives in an armed convoy to face charges of murder and attempted murder at Manchester City Magistrates' Court on September 21, 2012 in Manchester, England. Dale Cregan, 29, stands accused of four murders, including PC Nicola Hughes and PC Fiona Bone on September 18, and also in two separate attacks earlier this year of Mark Short and his father David Short. Cregan is also being charged with an additional four counts of attempted murder. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Dale Cregan Appears At Manchester City Magistrates' Court To Face Murder Charges(12 of82)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 21: A police officer stands guard as Dale Cregan arrives in an armed convoy to face charges of murder and attempted murder at Manchester City Magistrates' Court on September 21, 2012 in Manchester, England. Dale Cregan, 29, stands accused of four murders, including PC Nicola Hughes and PC Fiona Bone on September 18, and also in two separate attacks earlier this year of Mark Short and his father David Short. Cregan is also being charged with an additional four counts of attempted murder. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Dale Cregan Appears At Manchester City Magistrates' Court To Face Murder Charges(13 of82)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 21: Police officers stand guard as Dale Cregan arrives in an armed convoy to face charges of murder and attempted murder at Manchester City Magistrates' Court on September 21, 2012 in Manchester, England. Dale Cregan, 29, stands accused of four murders, including PC Nicola Hughes and PC Fiona Bone on September 18, and also in two separate attacks earlier this year of Mark Short and his father David Short. Cregan is also being charged with an additional four counts of attempted murder. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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A police van believed to be carrying Dale Cregan arrives at Manchester Magistrates Court, Manchester, where he will appear charged with the murders of two police officers in a gun and grenade attack. (credit:PA)
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An armed police officer guards the streets near Manchester Magistrates Court, Manchester, where Dale Cregan will appear charged with the murders of two police officers in a gun and grenade attack. (credit:PA)
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An armed police officer guards the streets near Manchester Magistrates Court, Manchester, where Dale Cregan will appear charged with the murders of two police officers in a gun and grenade attack. (credit:PA)
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A police van believed to be carrying Dale Cregan arrives at Manchester Magistrates Court, Manchester, where he will appear charged with the murders of two police officers in a gun and grenade attack. (credit:PA)
Police Officers Killed While Responding To Burglary Call In Manchester(18 of82)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 19: Candles burn in remembrance of WPC's Nicola Hughes and Fiona Bone during a service at Saint Barnabas Church, Hattersley on September 19, 2012 in Manchester, England. Local man Dale Cregan, 29, has been arrested in connection with the shooting of WPC's Nicola Hughes and Fiona Bone, who were killed as they responded to a routine incident at Abbey Gardens in Hattersley shortly before 11am yesterday. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Police Officers Killed While Responding To Burglary Call In Manchester(19 of82)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 19: Candles burn in remembrance of WPC's Nicola Hughes and Fiona Bone during a service at Saint Barnabas Church, Hattersley on September 19, 2012 in Manchester, England. Local man Dale Cregan, 29, has been arrested in connection with the shooting of WPC's Nicola Hughes and Fiona Bone, who were killed as they responded to a routine incident at Abbey Gardens in Hattersley shortly before 11am yesterday. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 19: Reverends Lesley Harding and James Halstead conduct a service of remembrance for WPC's Nicola Hughes and Fiona Bone at Saint Barnabas Church, Hattersley on September 19, 2012 in Manchester, England. Local man Dale Cregan, 29, has been arrested in connection with the shooting of WPC's Nicola Hughes and Fiona Bone, who were killed as they responded to a routine incident at Abbey Gardens in Hattersley shortly before 11am yesterday. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 19: Members of the public bring floral tributes in memory of WPC's Nicola Hughes and Fiona Bone in Hattersley on September 19, 2012 in Manchester, England. Local man Dale Cregan, 29, has been arrested in connection with the shooting of WPC's Nicola Hughes and Fiona Bone, who were killed as they responded to a routine incident at Abbey Gardens in Hattersley shortly before 11am yesterday. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Flowers are left at the headquaters of Greater Manchester Police in Manchester, northwest England, to pay respect to two female police officers who were killed while responding to a call out to the Hattersley Estate in Mottram in Greater Manchester. A top British policeman warned on September 19 against rushing into any move to routinely arm officers after two unarmed policewomen were killed in a gun and grenade attack. Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, died after going to investigate a reported robbery on September 18. AFP PHOTO / ANDREW YATES (Photo credit should read ANDREW YATES/AFP/GettyImages) (credit:Getty Images)
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Flowers are left at the headquaters of Greater Manchester Police in Manchester, northwest England, to pay respect to two female police officers who were killed while responding to a call out to the Hattersley Estate in Mottram in Greater Manchester. A top British policeman warned on September 19 against rushing into any move to routinely arm officers after two unarmed policewomen were killed in a gun and grenade attack. Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, died after going to investigate a reported robbery on September 18. AFP PHOTO / ANDREW YATES (Photo credit should read ANDREW YATES/AFP/GettyImages) (credit:Getty Images)
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Police forensic officers search the scene of a shooting in Hattersley, Greater Manchester, as two unarmed female police officers have died after attending a "routine incident" which led to the arrest of one of the country's most wanted men. (credit:PA)
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Forensic officers at the scene close to where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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A Greater Manchester Police officer lays flowers at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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A Greater Manchester Police officer lays flowers at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Greater Manchester Police officers observe a minute's silence near to the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Amy (surname not given) leaves a floral tribute at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Amy (surname not given) leaves a floral tribute at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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PC Nicola Hughes killed in Manchester
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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PC Fiona Bone killed in Manchester
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Amy (surname not given) leaves a floral tribute at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Amy (surname not given) leaves a floral tribute at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Floral tributes at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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A Greater Manchester Police officer lays flowers at the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Greater Manchester Police officers observe a minute's silence near to the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Greater Manchester Police officers lay flowers at the scene where police constables, Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Forensic officers at the scene close to where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Greater Manchester Police officers observe a minute's silence near to the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Greater Manchester Police officers observe a minute's silence near to the scene where police constables Fiona Bone, 32, and Nicola Hughes, 23, where killed in Hattersley, Greater Manchester. (credit:PA)
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Flags are lowered at the Greater Manchester Police Headquarters after 2 Police women are killed in a shooting. (credit:PA)
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Police and forensic officers at the scene of a shooting in Hattersley, Greater Manchester, where an unarmed female police officer was killed and another was critically injured while attending a "routine incident" today which led to the arrest of one of the country's most wanted men. (credit:PA)
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Police and forensic officers at the scene of a shooting in Hattersley, Greater Manchester, where an unarmed female police officer was killed and another was critically injured while attending a "routine incident" today which led to the arrest of one of the country's most wanted men. (credit:PA)
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Police forensic officers search the scene of a shooting in Hattersley, Greater Manchester, where an unarmed female police officer was killed and another was critically injured while attending a "routine incident" today which led to the arrest of one of the country's most wanted men. (credit:PA)
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Police officers at the scene of a shooting in Hattersley, Greater Manchester, where an unarmed female police officer was killed and another was critically injured while attending a "routine incident" today which led to the arrest of one of the country's most wanted men. (credit:PA)
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Police officers at the scene of a shooting in Hattersley, Greater Manchester, where an unarmed female police officer was killed and another was critically injured while attending a "routine incident" today which led to the arrest of one of the country's most wanted men. (credit:PA)
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Police forensic officers search the scene of a shooting in Hattersley, Greater Manchester, where an unarmed female police officer was killed and another was critically injured while attending a "routine incident" today which led to the arrest of one of the country's most wanted men. (credit:PA)
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Police officers at the scene of a shooting in Hattersley, Greater Manchester, where an unarmed female police officer was killed and another was critically injured while attending a "routine incident" today which led to the arrest of one of the country's most wanted men. (credit:PA)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 18: Forensic officers search the scene outside a house in Hattersley, Tameside where two female police officers were shot today on September 18, 2012 in Manchester, England. A local man Dale Cregan aged 29 has been arrested in connection with the shooting and two previous murders. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 18: Forensic officers search the scene outside a house in Hattersley, Tameside where two female police officers were shot and killed today on September 18, 2012 in Manchester, England. A local man Dale Cregan aged 29 has been arrested in connection with the shooting and two previous murders. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 18: Forensic officers search the scene outside a house in Hattersley, Tameside where two female police officers were shot today on September 18, 2012 in Manchester, England. A local man Dale Cregan aged 29 has been arrested in connection with the shooting and two previous murders. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 18: Forensic officers search the scene outside a house in Hattersley, Tameside where two female police officers were shot today on September 18, 2012 in Manchester, England. A local man Dale Cregan aged 29 has been arrested in connection with the shooting and two previous murders. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 18: Forensic officers search the scene outside a house in Hattersley, Tameside where two female police officers were shot today on September 18, 2012 in Manchester, England. A local man Dale Cregan aged 29 has been arrested in connection with the shooting and two previous murders. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 18: Forensic officers search the scene outside a house in Hattersley, Tameside where two female police officers were shot today on September 18, 2012 in Manchester, England. A local man Dale Cregan aged 29 has been arrested in connection with the shooting and two previous murders. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 18: Forensic officers search the scene outside a house in Hattersley, Tameside where two female police officers were shot today on September 18, 2012 in Manchester, England. A local man Dale Cregan aged 29 has been arrested in connection with the shooting and two previous murders. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 18: Forensic officers search the scene outside a house in Hattersley, Tameside where two female police officers were shot today on September 18, 2012 in Manchester, England. A local man Dale Cregan aged 29 has been arrested in connection with the shooting and two previous murders. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 18: Two officers stand guard at the scene outside a house in Hattersley, Tameside where two female police officers were shot today on September 18, 2012 in Manchester, England. A local man Dale Cregan aged 29 has been arrested in connection with the shooting and two previous murders. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 18: Forensic officers search the scene outside a house in Hattersley, Tameside where two female police officers were shot today on September 18, 2012 in Manchester, England. A local man Dale Cregan aged 29 has been arrested in connection with the shooting and two previous murders. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MANCHESTER, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 18: Forensic officers search the scene outside a house in Hattersley, Tameside where two female police officers were shot today on September 18, 2012 in Manchester, England. A local man Dale Cregan aged 29 has been arrested in connection with the shooting and two previous murders. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)